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The border between the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia and Malaysia consist of both a land border separating the two countries' territories on the island of Borneo as well as maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea. The land boundary has a length of 2,019.5 km and stretches from Tanjung Datu at the northwestern corner of Borneo, through the highlands of the Borneo hinterland, to the Gulf of Sebatik and the Celebes Sea in the eastern side of the island. The boundary separates the Indonesian provinces of North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and West Kalimantan, and the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. The maritime boundary in the Straits of Malacca generally follows the median line between the baselines of Indonesia and Malaysian, running south from the tripoint with Thailand to the start of the maritime border with Singapore. Only part of this boundary has been delimited through a continental shelf boundary treaty in 1969 and a territorial sea boundary treaty in 1970. The continental shelf boundary between Indonesia and Malaysia in the South China Sea is also drawn along the equidistant line between the baselines of the two countries under the 1969 continental shelf boundary. The border in the Celebes Sea is subject to dispute between the two countries. Part of the dispute was settled by the judgement of the International Court of Justice in the Sipadan and Ligitan Case in 2002 and is now awaiting delimitation between the two countries. The two countries however still have overlapping claims over the continental shelf which Indonesia refers to as Ambalat. There are numerous sea transport crossings between Indonesia and Malaysia, mostly between Indonesia's Sumatra island and Peninsula Malaysia but also between the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan and Malaysia's Sabah state. The only official land transport crossing point is at Entikong (in Indonesia)/Tebedu (in Malaysia). The border, both land and maritime, is relatively porous and has allowed a huge influx of illegal immigrant workers from Indonesia to Malaysia. ==Land border== The territorial division of Borneo gained scant Dutch attention until the arrival of James Brooke in Sarawak in 1841, which the Dutch-Indies Government in Batavia (Jakarta) sensed as a threat to their hegemonic position over Bornean coastal trade. This drove the Dutch Governor General, J.J. Rochussen, to issue a decree in February 1846 outlining Dutch terrestrial interests (as opposed to mere coastal control) over Borneo. This document provided a fait-accompli division of Borneo based on the flow of watersheds. This decree was essentially the blueprint that the Dutch subsequently negotiated with the British that resulted in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1891. 〔''Resolution of the Governor-General of Netherlands India regarding the Dutch Possessions in Borneo, dated Buitenzorg-Batavia, 28 February 1846''〕 The principal document determining the land border between Indonesia and Malaysia on the island of Borneo is the Border Convention or London Convention of 1891〔''Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands Defining the Boundaries in Borneo, 20 June 1891.''〕 which was signed in London signed between Great Britain and the Netherlands, the two relevant colonial powers of that time, on 20 June 1891. Subsequent agreements between the colonial powers in 1915〔''Agreement between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands relating to the Boundary between the State of North Borneo and the Netherland Possessions in Borneo, 28 September 1915.''〕 and 1928〔''Convention between His Majesty in respect of the United Kingdom and Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands respecting the Delimitation of the Frontier between the States in Bomeo under British Protection and Netherlands Territory in that Island, 26 March 1928.''〕 fine-tuned the border further. Much of the fine-tuning of the border concerned the Jagoi - Stass region in western Borneo, which, after negotiations stalled in 1930, was not yet considered definitive.〔Departement van Kolonien. Openbaar Verbaal No. 85, 1 April 1922, Algemeen Rijksarchief (ARA); Openbaar Verbaal No. 86, 22 May 1922; Openbaar Verbaal No. 13, 29 June 1922, ARA; Openbaar Verbaal No. 7, 8 August 1924, ARA; Openbaar Verbaal No. 8, 7 September 1926, ARA; Openbaar Verbaal No. 11, 16 August 1930, ARA.〕 The treaty and various agreements were subsequently adopted by Indonesia and Malaysia as successor states. The pending status of the maritime boundary in the Celebes Sea, which has been the source of recent Malaysia-Indonesia boundary disputes over Sipadan, Ligitan and Ambalat, may lend to the fact that most boundary negotiations in Borneo between the colonial powers were primarily focused on terrestrial borders inlands. The convention states that the eastern end of the border would start at the 4° 10' North latitude,〔Convention of 1891, Article I.〕 proceeding westward across the island of Sebatik off the coast of Sabah near Tawau town, bisecting it.〔Convention of 1891, Article IV: From 4° 10' North latitude on the east Coast the boundary-line shall be continued eastward along that parallel, across the Island of Sebittik: that portion of the island situated to the north of that parallel shall belong unreservedly to the British North Borneo Company, and the portion south of that parallel to the Netherlands.〕 The border then crosses the water channel between Sebatik and the mainland and travels up along the median line of the Tambu and Sikapal channels until the hills which form the watershed between the Simengaris (in Indonesia) and Serudung (in Malaysia) rivers.〔Agreement of 1915, (2) Starting from the boundary pillar on the West coast of the island of Sibetik, the boundary follows the parallel of 4° 10' North latitude westward until it reaches the middle of the channel, thence keeping a mid-channel course until it reaches the middle of the mouth of Troesan Tamboe. (3) From the mouth of Troesan Tamboe the boundary line is continued up the middle of this Troesan until it is intersected by a similar line running through the middle of Troesan Sikapal; it then follows this line through Troesan Sikapal as far as the point where the latter meets the watershed between the Simengaris and Seroedong Rivers (Sikapal hill), and is connected finally with this watershed by a line taken perpendicular to the centre line of Troesan Sikapal.〕 The border travels generally northwestward towards the 4° 20'N, and then generally westwards but accommodating the watershed, although the Pensiangan, Agisan and Sibuda rivers are allowed to intersect the border. The border then follows the line of ridges along the watershed between major rivers following northwards into the South China Sea, and those flowing eastwards, southwards and westwards into the Celebes Sea, Java Sea and Karimata Straits until Tanjung Datu at 109° 38'.8 E 02° 05'.0 N in the western extremity of Sarawak. The watershed is however not followed in a short stretch southwest of Kuching between Gunung Api at 110° 04'E and Gunung Raja at 109° 56'E where the border follows streams, paths, crests and straight lines which are marked by boundary markers and pillars. On 26 November 1973, a memorandum of understanding was signed between Indonesia and Malaysia for the joint survey and demarcation of their common land border. Work began on 9 September 1975 and was completed in February 2000. As of 2006, a total of 19 memoranda of understanding with 28 maps had been signed between the two countries pertaining to the survey and demarcation of the border covering a distance of 1,822.3 km of the 2,019.5 km border. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indonesia–Malaysia border」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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